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In 1865 Charles"Barney" Hicks, a black showman, organized the first permanent black minstrel company, the Georgia Minstrels. Black entertainers had appeared in troupes as earky as the 1840s, and one all black company, Lew Johnson's Plantation Minstrel Company was formed in the early 1860s. Organized in Indianapolis, Indiana, the celebrated Georgia Minstrels' tours included performances in Germany and Great Britain. Hicks faced great difficulties in dealing with other theater managers, and sold his rights in 1872 to Charles Callender. The troupe was then known as Georgia's Minstrels.
(Sources: Johnson, Black Manhattan, pp.89-93;Southern, The Music of Black American, p.229; Thorpe, Black Dance, p.48)
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